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- Atlantic Storms
- in the
- NorthEast
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- An overview of North Atlantic coastal weather patterns on the eastern seaboard
- of the United States. From a NorÆeaster to Hurricane, the unsettled weather of
- New England.
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- Jason Wright
- T+TH 1-2:30
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- This paper is intended to give a quick overview of some of the
- stormy weather patterns of the North Atlantic. Focusing mostly on the effect it
- has on New England and the immediate surrounding weather. These storms
- include: Hurricanes (Summer) and NorÆEasters (Winter) which are a common
- enough occurrence in New England. Every year the East coast of the United
- States is bombarded with both. Just this past winter, it was a NorÆ easter
- which turned into the blizzard of 96Æ. Being a resident in the Northeast for 20+
- years has allowed me to grow accustomed to these storms and to be able to
- prepare for them adequately. Some people have not had the pleasure of
- enduring some of these storms and have missed an experience well worth
- striving for.
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- From the Mid-Atlantic Coast to the shores of New England, the
- classic storm is called a NorÆeaster. A low pressure area off the Carolina
- coast strengthens and moves north. Wind-driven waves batter the coast from
- Virginia to Maine, causing flooding and severe beach erosion. The storm taps
- the AtlanticÆs moisture supply and dumps heavy snow over a densely
- populated area. The snow and wind may combine into blizzard conditions and
- form deep drifts paralyzing the region.
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- As the storm moves to the north, the counterclockwise winds push it back
- which creates the so called ôtailö end of the storm. In some cases, it is almost
- like the ôeyeö of a hurricane. That is to say, that there is little activity or a
- shutdown of activity, and then it begins again as fierce as ever. Ice Storms
- are also a problem. Mountains, such as the Appalachians, act as a barrier to
- cold air trapping it in the valleys and adjacent low elevations. Warm air and
- moisture moves over the cold, trapped air. Rain falls from the warm layer onto
- a cold surface below becoming ice.
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- Heavy snow can immobilize a region and paralyze a city, stranding
- commuters, stopping the flow of supplies, and disrupting emergency and
- medical services. Accumulations of snow can collapse buildings and knock
- down trees, bringing down power lines. In rural areas, homes and farms may
- be isolated for days and not have electricity. Unprotected livestock may be
- lost, especially during spring calving. In the mountains, heavy snow can lead
- to avalanches. The cost of snow removal, repairing damages and loss of
- businesses can have large economic impacts on cities and towns. Heavy
- accumulation of ice can bring down trees, electrical wires, telephone poles and
- lines, and communication towers.
- Power and other services can be disrupted for days while utility companies
- work to repair the extensive damage. Storms near the coast can cause beach
- erosion and sink ships at sea.
- A hurricane is along the same kind of storm. It does however have a
- much more destructive nature. This is due to the different type of force that it
- brings. A hurricane storm must include by definition, the following: (1) Low
- level convergence strong enough to dissipate the normal trade winds
- inversion and lift the moist layer, (2) High level divergence to remove the
- accumulated air from the system and permit the pressure to fall at the surface,
- and (3) sufficient energy to maintain the circulation.
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- Hurricanes are also known as ôtropical cyclonesö. As calm moist air
- rises in the doldrums, numerous cumulonimbus clouds, widespread showers
- and thunderstorms develop. The pressure then mystically begins to fall
- rapidly, and a cyclonic rotation of the storm begins to form. The circulation
- continues to develop, until full intensity is achieved. Several vortices appear,
- and usually it is the northernmost of these that is most dominant. Scientists
- believe that this occurs for two reasons: (1) The Coriolis force is more
- important with latitude, and (2) A more dominant wind pattern is prevalent to
- the north. This intensifying of the storm, allows the pressure to drop even
- farther.
- As of yet, the meteorological world has failed to explain the
- impressive fall in pressure at the surface. However, the higher and lower
- levels may cause a fall in the pressure, simply by competing against each
- other. Those of the scientific world also are not positive of what outside acts,
- that may influence the hurricane, to intensify the disturbance.
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- It is also known for certain, that a hurricane that would be damaging
- to the North Atlantic coast may not form if the following conditions are not met:
- (1) A great pressure drop from east to west, throughout the troposphere, (2)
- The path in front of the storm must be moist tropical air, and (3) The storm
- must remain over the open sea all the way from the West Indies to where it
- makes landfall on the North American coastal line. Along with this, is a pool of
- cold air which is strangely enough always available to intensify the storm. It
- is widely believed, that in every major hurricane in New England these
- conditions have been present. Usually, somewhere along the way, the
- hurricane does not reach the values that are need to continue. They
- sometimes end up as tropical storms. They must all reach their peak at the
- time in order to continue to become a hurricane.
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- The Weather Bureau has undertaken studies of the possibility of
- man finding some way to modify hurricanes. However, these studies have
- proven to be not feasible. They have included nuclear bombs and increasing
- the water amount in the eye. By saturating the middle of the storm it is
- believed that they may be able to neutralize it. This is not a very likely
- scenario, as it would take a huge power of force to create the water necessary.
- Unless the conditions described in the past paragraph are met, and the wind
- speed of the storm itself do not reach 40-45 mph than no major hurricane will
- strike the New England area.
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- As time goes by there will certainly be more hurricanes, and
- NorÆeasters in our area. It is a fair guess that there will be some deaths and
- major inconveniences associated with these storms. However, most of the
- media and the world outside of the classroom (Earth Science) have not looked
- at the effect that it is having on our earth. Whether it be the erosion of the
- beaches or the flooding of the rivers, how much more can the New England
- area be prepared to take? All this remains to be seen and will hopefully
- someday get noticed by the media and the rest of the country.
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